Merciless Death in Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weathe

Merciless Death in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall," Katherine Anne Porter gives readers a glimpse of the thoughts of a woman about to die.   Lying in her bed in her daughter Cornelia's house, eighty-year-old Granny Weatherall drifts in and out of consciousness.   Through her thoughts of events both current and bygone, it is learned that Granny has worked hard all her life, and frequently tells herself that she did a good job.   She thinks of events that made her stronger: digging holes for fence posts, "riding country roads in the winter when women had their babies" (311), taking care of sick animals and sick children.   Though Granny Weatherall tries to assure herself that her life has been rewarding, she is in fact unsatisfied in her last hours because of things left undone, being treated like a child in her old age, and loved ones she has lost.   When it becomes apparent to her that her time is running out, Granny realizes there are many things left undone that she meant to do.   Granny thinks of tomorrow, a time that is "far away" and ...

Cardiovascular Review Supplement

6 Histology Review Supplement Cardiovascular Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Atlas. Click on the white Sort By drop-down menu and select Histology Review from the list. Refer to the slides in the Cardiovascular Tissue Slides folder as you complete this worksheet. Which component of the intercalated disc is a junction that provides the intercellular communication required for the myocardium to perform as a functional syncytium? Gap junctions Heart The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump.Although its wall can be divided into three distinct histological layers (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium), the cardiac muscle of the myocardium composes the bulk of the heart wall. Blood Vessels Blood vessels form a system of conduits through which lifesustaining blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart again. Generally, the wall of every vessel is described as being composed of three layers, or tunics. The tunica intima, o r tunica interna, a simple squamous endothelium and a small amount of subjacent loose connective tissue, is the innermost layer adjacent to the vessel lumen.Smooth muscle and elastin are the predominant constituents of the middle tunica media, and the outermost tunica adventitia, or tunica externa, is a connective tissue layer of variable thickness that provides support and transmits smaller blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. The thickness of each tunic varies widely with location and function of the vessel. Arteries, subjected to considerable pressure fluctuations, have thicker walls overall, with the tunica media being thicker than the tunica adventitia. Read Renal System Physiology PhysioexVeins, in contrast, are subjected to much lower pressures and have thinner walls overall, with the tunica adventitia often outsizing the tunica media. Because thinwalled veins conduct blood back to the heart against gravity, valves (not present in arteries) also are present at intervals to prevent backflow. In capillaries, where exchange occurs between the blood and tissues, the tunica intima alone composes the vessel wall. The tunica media of the aorta would have a much greater proportion of what type of tissue than a small artery?Elastic fibers In general, which vessel would have a larger lumen, an artery or its corresponding vein? Click slide 1. Contractile cardiac muscle cells (myocytes, myofibers) have the same striated appearance as skeletal muscle, but are branched rather than cylindrical in shape and have one (occasionally two) nucleus (myonucleus) rather than many. The cytoplasmic striations represent the same organization of myofilaments (sarcomeres) and alignment of sarcomeres as in skeletal muscle, and the mechanism of contraction is the same. The intercalated disc, however, is a feature unique to cardiac muscle.The Cardiovascular SystemThe densely stained structure is a complex of intercellular junctions (desmosomes, gap junctions, fasciae adherens) that structurally and functionally link cardiac muscle cells end to end. A second population of cells in the myocardium composes the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system (nodal system). Although cardiac muscle is autorhythmic, meaning it has the ability to contract involuntarily in the absence of extrinsic innervation provided by the nervous system, it is the intrinsic conduction system that prescribes the rate and orderly sequence of contraction. Extrinsic innervation only modulates the inherent activity.Click slide 2. Of the various components of the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system, Purkinje fibers are the most readily observed histologically. They are particularly abundant in the ventricular myocardium and are recognized by their very pale-staining cytoplasm and larger diameter. The connective tissue component of cardiac muscle is relatively sparse and lacks the organization present in skeletal muscle. Which component of the intercalated disc is a strong intercellular junction that functions to keep cells from being pulled apart during contraction? Desmosomes What is a functional syncytium?Cardiac muscle cell are mechanically, chemically and electrically connected to one another Why would the tunica media and tunica adventitia not be present in a capillary? The capillaries are very thin and have only room for layer of endothelial tissue, in the form of tunica intimaR E V I E W NAMELAB TIME/DATES H E E T EXERCISE 31 > Print FormConduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography The Intrinsic Conduction System1. List the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in order, starting from the SA node.SA node > artioventricu lar node > > artioventricular bundle bundle branches purkinje fibers artioventricular node At what structure in the transmission sequence is the impulse temporarily delayed? Why? because it ensures that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before they contract.2. Even though cardiac muscle has an inherent ability to beat, the nodal system plays a critical role in heart physiology. What is that role? generate action potential at a greater frequency than other cardiac muscle cells. They are the pace m the heart. It sets the heart rate under normal circumstances. Electrocardiography3. Define ECG. The graphic recording of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle4. Draw an ECG wave form representing one heartbeat. Label the P, QRS, and T waves; the P–R interval; the S–T segment, and the Q–T interval. R S T P T Q P-R interval S Q-T interval5. Why does heart rate increase during running? The heart must beat faster and harder in order to deliver the larger amount of blood to muscles being used when running. 2076. Describe what happens in the cardiac cycle in the following situations. . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. immediately before the P wave: during the P wave: heart is in diastole depolarization of ventricles contraction of atria immediately after the P wave (P–R segment): during the QRS wave: depolarization of ventricles contraction of ventricles immediately after the QRS wave (S–T interval): during the T wave: repolarization of ventricles7. Define the following terms. 1. 2. 3. tachycardia: bradycardia: fibrillation: a heart rate over 100 beats/min a heart rate below 60 beats/min rapid uncoordinated heart contractions that makes heart useless as a pump ventricular fibrillation8. Which would be more serious, atrial or ventricular fibrillation? Why? when heart is in V-fib you are dead unless it can be shocked back into rhythm with atrial fibrillation9. Abnormalities of heart valves can be detected more ac curately by auscultation than by electrocardiography. Why is this so? Abnormal heart valves cause extra heart sounds that can be heard with stethoscope. EEG just measures electrical activity in the heart. It doesn't show how the valve works.208 Review Sheet 31R E V I E W NAMELAB TIME/DATES H E E T EXERCISEAnatomy of the Heart Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart1. An anterior view of the heart is shown here. Match each structure listed on the left with the correct letter in the figure. G J R U B K D N A 1. right atrium2. right ventricle3. left atrium c a b o4. left ventricle5. superior vena cava6. inferior vena cava7. ascending aorta8. aortic arch9. brachiocephalic artery10. left common carotid artery11. left subclavian artery12. pulmonary trunk13. right pulmonary artery14. left pulmonary artery15. ligamentum arteriosum16. ight pulmonary veins17. left pulmonary veins18. right coronary artery19. anterior cardiac vein T S W X V20. left coronary artery21. circumflex artery22. anterior inte rventricular artery23. apex of heart24. great cardiac veinWhat is the function of the fluid that fills the pericardial sac? environment. It allows the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless 3. Match the terms in the key to the descriptions provided below.F A H E A G B D G C1. location of the heart in the thorax2. superior heart chambers3. nferior heart chambers4. visceral pericardium5. â€Å"anterooms† of the heart6. equals cardiac muscle7. provide nutrient blood to the heart muscle8. lining of the heart chambers9. actual â€Å"pumps† of the heart10. drains blood into the right atriumKey: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. atria coronary arteries coronary sinus endocardium epicardium mediastinum myocardium ventricles4. What is the function of the valves found in the heart? Prevents back flow of blood5. What is the role of the chordae tendineae? enforce a one way blood flow through the heart chambersTheir called heart strings, and anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls Pulm onary, Systemic, and Cardiac Circulations6. A simple schematic of a so-called general circulation is shown below. What part of the circulation is missing from this diagram? Pulmonary circulation Add to the diagram as best you can to make it depict a complete systemic/pulmonary circulation. Label the systemic and pulmonary circulations. pulmonary ve heart pulmonary pulmonary Heart Systemic arteries Systemic capillaries Systemic veins systemic 202 Review Sheet 307.Differentiate clearly between the roles of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Pulmonary circulation is only to provide gas exchange in the lungs; The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues8. Complete the following scheme of circulation of a red blood cell in the human body. Right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the semilunar beds of the lungs, to the the biscuspid aorta right ventricle , through the pulmonary arteries pulmonary , to the capillary of the heart, through , thro ugh the aortic semilunar of the , and alve to the pulmonary trunk, to the pulmonary veins valve to the , to the left ventricle left atrium valve to the , to the systemic arteries, to the superior vena cava , capillary beds tissues, to the systemic veins, to the coronary sinus ; cardiac veins inferior vena cava entering the right atrium of the heart. pulmonary circulation9. If the mitral valve does not close properly, which circulation is affected?10. Why might a thrombus (blood clot) in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery cause sudden death? I can cut off the blood supply to the heart, resulting in death.Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle11. How would you distinguish the structure of cardiac muscle from that of skeletal muscle? skeletal muscle is long, sylindrical, multinucleated cells ; has striations. Cardiac muscles branch, striated, uni-mucleated cells that interdigitate at the junctions12. Add the following terms to the photograph of cardiac muscle bel ow. a. intercalated disc b. nucleus of cardiac fiber c. striations d. cardiac muscle fiber interca Describe the unique anatomical features of cardiac muscle. What role does the unique structure of cardiac muscle play in its function?The intercalated discs have 2 important functions striatio nucleu1) holds the myocytes together so they don't part w heart contracts.2) allows an electrical connection between the cells, which is vital to the function of cardia the heart as a whole.Also has many mitochondria that provide energy required for contraction.   203 Review Sheet 30 Dissection of the Sheep Heart13. During the sheep heart dissection, you were asked initially to identify the right and left ventricles without cutting into the heart. During this procedure, what differences did you observe between the two chambers? eft ventricle was thick and solid, and the right was thinner and easily moved and flabby When you measured thickness of ventricular walls, was the right or left ventricl e thicker? left ventricle Knowing that structure and function are related, how would you say this structural difference reflects the relative functions of these two heart chambers? Theres a greater demand on the longer systemic circulation and has a higher resistance than the pulmonary circulation14. Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the atria ventricles ; AV valves prevent backflow into the Using your own observations, explain how the operation of the semilunar valves the mitral valve allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into left ventricle differs from that of the AV valves. tricuspid valve stops back flow of blood between th two. The semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the but prevent back flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.15. Compare and contrast the structure of the right and left atrioventricular valves. has 3 flapped valve. the mitral valve contains 2 flaps, tricuspi16.Two remnants of fetal structures are observable in the heartâ₠¬â€the ligamentum arteriosum and the fossa ovalis. What were they called in the fetal heart, where was each located, and what common purpose did they serve as functioning fetal structures? ligamentum arteriosm- called ducts arterious in fetal heart. located between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch In adults ligament there now. Allows blood to flow from pulmonary trunk to systemic circulation.17. Fossa Ovaliscalled foramen ovale in fetal heart, located on right atrium wall and wall of right ventricle.Allowed blood to enter 204 Review Sheet 30

William Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Play That Contains...

â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question† (Shakespeare 3.1.56). Audiences know Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a play that contains frequent meditations on suicide, yet despite suicide’s obvious religious connections, audiences do not often consider how religion as a whole functions within the play. This lack of awareness partially results from the subtlety of many of Hamlet’s religious elements. Through his religious references and the resulting emphasis on the gravity of the sins of murder and suicide, Shakespeare clarifies the contradictory attitude given to these sins and illuminates that the characters practice religion inconsistently and hypocritically because their concern is ultimately for their reputation in a Christian world rather than truly for their religion. Shakespeare relies on allusions to demonstrate to his audience that Christian morals rule the world of Hamlet and that steep penalties exist for those who disobey these rules. For example, during one of Ophelia’s grief fueled rants in Act 4, she tells Claudius: â€Å"Well, God dild you! They say the owl was a/baker’s daughter. Lord, we know what we are, but/know not what we may be. God be at your table!† (Shakespeare 4.5.42-44). Although Ophelia’s remark clearly references religion, as evidenced by her references to God, the exact meaning of her words requires knowledge about her biblical allusion. She references a religious tale about a baker’s daughter who God turned into an owl for refusing to give bread. ThisShow MoreRelated The Politics of Contemporary Approaches to Shakespeare Essay3166 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Postmodern performance of Shakespeare, particularity in film, is characterized by a subjective experience within the play not an objective experience from the play. Under postmodernism, Shakespeare undergoes theorizing, deconstruction, displacement or death of the author, textual criticism, and cultural and political relativism but fails to produce solid answers. Postmodern Shakepseare does not offer new meanings but new and more possibilities for contemplating meaning. This fails bothRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Can Income Inequality be Solved - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 810 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Finance Essay Level High school Tags: Income Inequality Essay Did you like this example? Income inequality is the unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in an economy. It is often presented as the percentage of income related to a percentage of the population. It is an inequality based on the economy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can Income Inequality be Solved?" essay for you Create order Income inequality is one of the reasons why the gap between rich and poor in America is growing. There are many reasons for income inequality such as education, technology lower economic growth, one sector dominance, and capitalism. Most of the families with single householder have to work overtime to run their family because of low wages. With income inequality not only lower-class are being hurt, its middle class too with low wages. However, If this problem does not get solved then the demand of job will grow to pay for expenses. Therefore, income inequality should be addressed by increasing the minimum wage, invest more money in education and stop using the robot in automobile factories. Education is one of the reasons for income inequality in the United States. Education is the key to success. It makes space for everyone to get a better job either you poor or rich it doesnt matter if you have a higher education you can get a better job. If education is available for everyone then, people can do well-paying jobs that can reduce income inequality. If the government makes more fund for education and make it free. So, everyone can get access to higher education. Therefore, it can be one of the ways to stop income inequality. The countries that have done a better job increasing their educational attainments like Canada and Sweden, have also seen bigger broad-based income gains than the United States. ( David Leonhardt ). Which means that Canada and Sweden are mostly focusing on educating its a citizen so they can balance income inequality by offering better wages. For every challenge, we are face unemployment, poverty, crime, income growth, income inequality, productiv ity, competitiveness a great education is a major component of the solution. ( Bruce Rauner). In this quote, the author is saying that education is the major component to solve the income inequality. Which is why the United States should focus on making its educational system better in order to reduce income inequality. Technology has played a huge role in income inequality. Technology has caused associations like travel organizations, bank employees and different types of center administration to close somewhere near conveying a progressively advantageous approach to utilize those administrations. For example, robotization of assembling items has diminished openings for work, say producing a vehicle was finished by human turns before, however now because of the assistance of technology, the work has been done quicker and with less labor. The hourly wage of a robot such as Baxter has been reported to be around the US $4.32 per hour, less than the average hourly wage of US $23.32 paid to humans in US manufacturing. ( Paula Nagler ). In this quote, the author means that the wage of a robot is way cheaper than humans. Therefore, owners started using a robot instead of humans in the workplace. We should care and stop it because it is the biggest reason for income inequality. It makes the owner richer and the worker is getting poorer. Therefore if the government makes a law for every automobile companies to stop using a robot in the workplace and if they used they should pay fines and if also increase the minimum wage so, we can reduce the income inequality. On the other hand, some people claim that income inequality has been going forever. Every year, the village produced the same amount of goods for the same number of people to divide. (David Leonhardt). In this quote, the author means that every year people are making the same amount of goods. So, they will never get better goods and cant help to stop the income inequality. The people who make more money they make more goods. And the poor people not getting enough goods to increase their investments and cant make more money. Therefore, the poor are getting more poor and rich getting richer. This is started happening in the US after the great depression and it is still happening. So, they think income inequality has been going forever it wont be solved. In conclusion, from research and article research we can say income inequality is a phenomenon that is running forever and will continue running in the future. But if we take actions and work together to stop the reason for income inequality. We can solve it. And we must do it because income inequality makes lacker social mobility, shrinking middle class, living standards and it also bad for our economy because the less tax government get from us the less money goes on education, healthcare, etc. Therefore, we should work together and save our country from income inequality.

The Unglamorous Side of War Depicted in Remarques All...

Why does the world need to kill two million men just because two countries can’t agree with each other? War is devastating to countries and most indefinitely to individuals and soldiers. A war can ruin families, friendships, education, economy, and the minds of innocent people. Most young men, who were just approaching manhood, were pulled of their innocence of childhood, and thrown into a world of rage and destruction. Soldiers that luckily survive a horrific war often find their lives turned completely upside down since they enlisted, and sometimes it is just impossible to forget the vicious past and start over again as a civilian. Many older men believe that wars being fought are wars of dignity and glory, but truthfully, wars are†¦show more content†¦Another point that the author creates about the negative aspects of war is that there is never an abundant supply of food to support the well-being of all the men out there in the war. In the novel, the men who were used to eating decent meals every day before the war face severe hardships because in the army, they do not receive opulent nor tasty rations. â€Å"Long time since you’ve had anything decent to eat, eh?† Kat asks one of the [new recruits]. â€Å"For breakfast, turnip-bread, ã… ¡lunch, turnip-stew†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦it’s nothing new for it to be made of sawdust.† (Remarque 36) If these poor soldiers had better nourishments and more rest, the already-harsh environment would have been easier to survive. Many more recruits have actually died from a lack of sleep and food than from actual hand-to-hand combats. Another issue about the war is the complete loss of sanitation, or hygiene. â€Å"We must look out for our bread. The rats have become more numerous lately because the trenches are no longer in good condition.† (Remarque 101, 102) Because it is very unclean and pathogens float all over the place, various soldiers have deceased from an i nfection somewhere in the body. Maybe, just maybe, if the army had more suitable circumstances for the men in the war, fewer soldiers would have died. In addition, a concept that Remarque makes regarding the adverse effects of wars is that wars have killed many frank young men, who

Leaderâ€Member Exchange Theory (LMX Theory) - Case Study free essay sample

Based on the principle of LMX theory, what observation would you make about Carly’s leadership at Mills , Smith and Peter.The LMX theory is a theory that focuses on the interaction between the leader and the follower. Based on the case study, I observed that Carly used the in-group leadership style at Mills, Smith and Peter. She gave more attention to her preferred team and cause the other team members to be unhappy. She may be considered an ineffective leader because for better result on task to be achieved she needs to all the teams equal attention. Is there an in-group and out-group, and, if so, which are they?In the case study, there are both in-groups and out-groups. Jack and his team fall in to the in-group category while Terri, Julie and Sarah fall in the category of the out group. They fall under this category because they have observed that Carly has picked Jack as her favorite and they are unhappy about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Leader–Member Exchange Theory (LMX Theory) Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In what way is Carly’s relationship with the four groups productive or counterproductive to the overall goals of the agency?Carly’s relationship with four teams is both productive and counterproductive. Jack’s team is productive because they are willing to go the extra mile to get the work done for Carly . However the other three teams Terri, Julie and Sarah are counterproductive they are unhappy and are likely not going to go the extra mile for Carly. But, I also observed that Sarah may fall under the category of productive group because she may have observed some of these favoritism by Carly but still gets the work done regardless. Do you think Carly should change her approach toward the associate directors? If so, what should she do differently?From the case study , the company is considered as one company. Therefore, Carly should change her approach towards the associate directors to enable them achieve more for the organization.

Performance Management at Vitality Health Case free essay sample

In order to perform the job requirements an individual must exhibit a number of different skills and talents. For example, the person who fills the position must do the following: * Decide whether the research has commercial application * Move patent applications forward * Consult with management on corporate strategy * Teach, manage, and assist subordinate researchers * Develop top-notch scientific research In order to be successful in performing the aforementioned duties, the applicant must have high level research skills, interpersonal skills, leadership skills, management skills, organizational skills, marketing skills, time management skills, technical scientific knowledge, etc. Task Identity- 7 Justification: In order to successfully fill this job, an individual must understand each of the necessary tasks in performing a given project. An individual must be able to see their own projects from start to finish and the ability to identify specific tasks is essential to do so. Task Significance 6 Justification: Vitality expects their researcher to have an impact science. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Management at Vitality Health Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The researcher can do so by producing high-quality scientific literature and presenting at conferences for scientific literature. Vitality expects the scientific contributions of the researcher to be worthy of receiving patents. The contributions of the research can have a large impact on people, on women specifically. As we know, cosmetic products are important to many women. Also, nutritional supplements can help to improve an individual’s overall health. As a result, research breakthroughs at Vitality can have a large and lasting impact. Autonomy 6 Justification: Overall, the scientist at Vitality seems to have complete freedom over the projects that he/she wishes to take on. The project must meet the following requirements: aligns with corporate strategy, receives management’s approval and has commercial applications. Feedback Scores 4 Justification: Currently, evaluations are conducted once a year. It may be desirable to conduct evaluations more frequently. Also, there is some question as to the appropriateness of managers’ ratings. Some feel that they are timid in their ratings in order to avoid conflict. It has been reported that managers are telling the employees they received one rating, while officially giving them another, or by rotating the good ratings to different employees each year. MPS = (6 + 7 + 6)/3 * 6 * 4 = 152 2. Both the equity and expectancy theories of motivation can be used to illustrate why scientist turnover at Vitality Health was primarily occurring among the more productive scientists under the old performance management system. Equity Theory: Equity theory helps us to understand why the scientist turnover at Vitality Health was primarily associated with the more productive scientists leaving for better job opportunities. If applying the equity theory of motivation, a scientist at Vitality Health would determine the fairness of what he/she is receiving relative to what he/she is putting in, compared to others. For example, Vitality Health used a rating system consisting of 13 different rating levels. However, managers were guilty of abusing the system. They were afraid to offend employees. As a result, scientists ended up with rather homogenous ratings regardless of their actual performance. In other words, regardless of top-performing scientists’ input (performance), their performance ratings (output) were similar to the performance ratings of the low-performing scientists. Furthermore, these performance ratings were used to determine merit-based wage increases. Therefore, even though actual performance was different between low and top performers, due to similar performance ratings, merit-based wage increases were similar. Consequently, top-performing scientists felt that they were treated poorly in relation to their contribution. The inequity felt by high-performing scientist helps to explain the turnover of such scientists at Vitality Health. Expectancy Theory: Salaries tended to be 7%-8% higher at Vitality Health than the competition. However, the pay model was focused on a flat salary. Therefore, there were little to no provisions for bonuses or alternative forms of compensation. The expectancy theory of motivation is related in a few ways. When applying the expectancy theory, scientists at Vitality Health would ask themselves three questions. First, â€Å"Will my effort lead to high performance? † Scientists had complete control over their effort. As a result, it is probably safe to say that greater effort would lead to greater performance for a scientist. Second, â€Å"Will performance lead to outcomes? † In other words, will increased performance lead to higher compensation or higher performance ratings? In the case of scientists at Vitality Health, based on the homogenous performance ratings and flat-salary pay model, it is unlikely that higher performance would lead to either of these outcomes. The third and final questions scientists would ask themselves is, â€Å"Do I find the outcomes desirable? † Do the high-performing scientists want to be rated the same as their low-performing counterparts? Do they want to be compensated similarly? If money were an outcome, is that the compensation I desire for my effort and performance? Although, scientists can control their effort, and thereby control their performance, the fact that performance leads to unfavorable and undesirable outcomes illustrates why scientist turnover at Vitality Health was primarily occurring among high-performing scientists. 3. Old SystemNew System A-E system, managers didn’t want to offend employees, so they only gave B and C ratings| The rating levels are limited to four options so all the levels are used and comparison is more visible| Job Evaluation Points for compensation, with a value multiple, based on job position| Uses metrics to rate employees efforts and achievements instead of just job description| Percentage pay raise is based on where they currently stand in industry pay grade. People paid above industry average get smaller percent raise than equivalent performance by someone who is paid below industry average. Employees are compared to one another rather than to preset industry standards, or compared to arbitrary grade marks| No provision for bonuses, flat rates across the table, but all were at 7-8% over competition| Forces managers to rank their employees above or below each other| | Compensation is now not only cash based, but equity is involved| | Performance-based compensation| The biggest difference seems to be that the old system would only correctly compensate someone for their efforts the first time they produce well. After that, their compensation increases at a slower rate than peers regardless of their effectiveness. Even though people were paid 7-8% over the industry averages, the structure of the compensation made people feel undervalued and eventually led many to devalue the marginal contribution to the company. The new system is an attempt to focus the pay on performance measurements and eliminate free-riding by underperforming employees. By increasing the correlation of performance to compensation, the marginal efforts of an employee becomes more valuable to them. If the MPS for Ramp;D scientists were 160, the new performance management system would encourage more productivity. A high MPS means a specific skill set with a large amount of task identity. As such, the system that is more focused on rewarding achievements rather than job title would promote more focused effort from scientists. Also, it would be difficult to compare the scientists to the industry because of their abstract job description. If the MPS for Ramp;D scientists were 60, the old performance management system would encourage more productivity. If the position scored lower in task identity and autonomy, and thus merited a lower MPS, a system based on job position rather than performance would be more appropriate. The recommended changes to improve the effectiveness of the performance management system * Make performance reviews quarterly rather than annually. This will increase the usefulness of them and take out the pressure of having them tied so closely to compensation benefits. * Under the new rating categories, the â€Å"achiever† ranking is too full of employees with a select few above and a pitiful few below. This does not fix the previous issue of all of the rankings of employees being grouped together. One alternative, is to rank the employees as individuals, AND as teams. This way they feel mutually responsible for a positive outcome and nobody takes it personally if a poor rating is received. * It appears one of the main complaints against the new system is that it is too comparative from employee to employee. One solution is to set up job goals/achievements that are objective that each employee must achieve in order to obtain their salary. Then, they may set extra goals to reach for if they desire further compensation in bonus format. This would ensure that compensation is based on each individual’s effort, rather than how they compare to other employees. 5. Effective goals that Ramp;D managers could set for Ramp;D scientists: * Increase personal annual breakthroughs by 20 percent in the next year. * Publish two articles, annually, in noteworthy scientific journals or present at two noteworthy scientific conferences. This will improve the personal skills of the Ramp;D scientist, and promote the name and research of Vitality Health in the public sphere. * Improve at least two existing products annually such that the products achieve a 15% sales increase within 3 months of the improvement. * Participate in the development of patents, and successfully receive one patent each year.